مجله پژوهش های ترجمه در زبان و ادبیات عربی
پیاپی 21 (پاییز و زمستان 1398)

Nahj al-Balaghah is one of the most important and authentic religious sources that has come to the fore of knowledge and bounty since its creation. Several translators have been devoted to explaining this valuable masterpiece by Amir al-Mu'minin (AS). But the question is, how far have these translations been able to introduce and transmit the miracle, power, and acceptance of the Amir's words to the Persian language community in the best way? The present study was conducted by descriptive-analytical method with the aim of evaluating the quality of translation from Nahj al-Balaghah by Mohammad Dashti. Among the various patterns of translation quality assessment, the Garcias model, which is relatively more comprehensive than the other proposed models, is considered as a research framework. This model includes four levels of lexical semantics, syntactic, cognitive, discursive-functional, and cognitive (practical) style. Each of these levels has subcategories and specific components whose translations are evaluated based on them. In this research, the translation of the first Khotbeh and the Hekamts one to twenty from the so-called translator are selected and evaluated for qualitative evaluation. After determining the abundance of each subgroup in the quadric levels according to the Garcias model, the results are plotted. The result of the evaluation based on the positive, negative and neutral techniques indicates that the translation of the plain has a criterion of acceptability and is of high quality.

This paper first describes Baker’s narrative theory so as to introduce a new research area in Translation Studies. In so doing, it defines the concept of narrative in social sciences, which is the basis of Baker’s work, and explains Baker’s proposed model for the analysis of translation in terms of this type of narratology. It then presents the research potentials of the theory by sketching some research conducted within the framework of the narrative theory. It is intended as providing a map for other Translation Studies scholars.  Having analyzed the studies in this field, the present paper suggests the following potentials: investigation of the existing metaphors and concepts on translation and translators; analysis of the role of translators in narrative-making,  analysis of narratives made through translation, examination of narratives made by organizations and institutions, studying different strategies of framing in the works of translators, news agencies, publishers, websites and organizations and analysis of narrative-making through such frames; and finally assessing the coherence of the narratives made by activist translation groups and similar organizations on the basis of narrative paradigm.

The current study aims to focus on the Persian to Arabic oral translation of speech of high-ranking military officers, maneuvers, and military parades. The purpose of the study is to find the challenges of oral interpreters and to find the influential factors to this kind of translation. In doing so, a descriptive-analytic approach was used to answer the research questions. Random sampling was used to investigate 200 minutes of audio-visual speech of high-ranking military offices, military maneuvers and military ceremonies, broadcasted in Alalam Arabic News Network. The analysis of the challenges showed that lack of military terminology knowledge, misunderstanding of the speaker’s intention, omission, losing key information, and incorrect addition were among the most important challenges of oral translation. Non-linguistic challenges included cultural different between two cultures, the rate of the speech in the origin language and bilingualism of the translator. These challenges were mostly apparent in parade ceremonies, military maneuvers, and commanders’ speech respectively.

Evaluation of the Qur'an translation has not yet had a comprehensive model. To achieve such a model, we can first examine the efficacy of existing evaluation models. In this regard, the present article examines the effectiveness of the TT-oriented Garces model in evaluating the translation of the Qur'an, examining the “Syntactical-morphological” level. This level examines structural changes in translation. For this purpose, the translation of five Surahs of the Quran from the TT-oriented translation of Makarem Shirazi has been selected as the research data. Studying the efficiency of this level in evaluating the translation of the Qur'an also shows that the syntactic-lexical level of the Garces model is efficient in evaluating the translation of the Qur'an due to the structural differences between the Persian and Arabic languages and the necessity of syntactic changes in the translation of the Qur'an. However, the overall classification of techniques to the positives and negatives is should be reviewed according to their status and necessity. Among the techniques of this level, "Transposition", "Modulation" and "Explanation" have the most function in the Quran translation. According to the high usage of rhetorical devices in the Qur'an, the "Compensation" is an effective technique to evaluate the translator's skill in translating them to Persian. The "literal translation" and "Implication, reduction, omission" as negative techniques and "Changes in the type of sentences" as an ambivalent technique have had the least function in the Makarem translation as an example of a TT-oriented translation.

Domain of discourse refers to a set of norms, knowledge, customs, concepts, and ideologies accepted by the poet or writer that appear in his works. In translating the literary work, the study of the quality of representation domain of discourse in target language, in addition to crossing the linguistic and literary boundaries, emphasizes the importance of how it is represented, as the translator's approach to the discourse elements of the source text and how it is translated into the target language requires careful attention. Khayyam Nīshāpūrī 's quatrains (526-439 AH), an Iranian well-known Persian poet, has long been the focus of translators' attention as one of the most valuable literary works. Poet and contemporary critic of the Emirate (1976), Mohammed Abdullah Nur-al-din is also a translator who has translated these quatrain into Arabic by converting format of quatrain into new poetry and incorporating new ideologies and evolving some of the poetic elements of poetry to incorporate the essence of own thoughts according to the needs and desires of the age. The present investigation seeks to study the apparent changes in the Arabic translation of Nur al-Din by studying the elements of discourse in Khayyam's quatrains using a descriptive-analytical method and from the perspective of discourse analysis, and has described and explains the method of translating these elements into the poetic elements of these quatrains. Studying the analysis of Nur al-Din's translation of Khayyam's quatrains shows that this translation as any other translation.

With regads to the achievements of role-oriented linguistics science, understsnding message and information as the speaker communicate with his/her audience is impossible only to have linguistic knowledge and acquaintance with the meaning of the vocabulary and phrases as well as acquaintance with the apparent statement of sentence, but various linguistic forms according to their communicative role in different situation form different structures which is known as information structure. Among these information structures are focalization. Shahrdzad and Tofigholhakim's play is considered in Arabic literature as a literary work includes marked information structure that its exact translation is so important to translate the meaning desired by the author, so the research needs to find out whether the marked information structures from target language marked in the same way and based on situational texture has been translated into persian language or not. For this purpose marked information structures for Shahzad's play in Arabic language are against the Persian translation of two translators Ayati and Shariat. With regards to purposeful translation in order to transfer meaning desired by the author to a reader in target language; descriptive - analytic method was used. The results indicate that the tanslators of play through translation have used unmarked sentences. Few sentences have been translated into marked form. Though despite the differences in marked structures in both languages a translator by recognizing linguistic forms in focalized information structure and left dislocation can find relatively strong equation for the structures.

There are categories that cannot easily be transmitted to the target text due to belonging to the source culture. The transfer of these categories, known as culture-oriented categories, is difficult to deal with. Therefore, the translation can be a very important and practical tool to create this connection; cultural categories translation is a complex and labyrinth subject in the theory of translation. Categories reflecting society culture are usually incomprehensible to other societies with different cultures and sometimes leading to misunderstanding. “Shahrzad” plays have been translated in Persian by Ayati and Shariat. This research studies and analyzes two Persian versions according to the theoretical framework of Newmark to choose the correct translation. The most important findings of the present research, which is written in a descriptive-analytical way and using a library tool for data collection, indicate that Shahrzad's play has four cultural categories considered by Newmark, and the category of ecology in this text has no place and the translators have used the cultural equivalent to translate this play, respectfully both translators have presented audience- oriented translations.

One of the problems that every translator faces when translating from one language to another is the fixed idioms and expressions of a language, as they form part of the culture of a language. Jalal al-Ahmad's "Nun and Al-Qalam" story is one of the few stories full of idioms and proverbs. The story has been translated into Arabic by Mrs. Majedeh Mohammad Ali Anani, a lecturer at the Faculty of Literature, University of Halavan. In this regard, several approaches have been adopted to translate these terms that can be studied and researched according to Mona Baker's theory. Mona Baker has suggested some strategies to translate idioms such as preserving form and meaning, preserving meaning and changing form, transformation, omission and so on. This study aims to examine the Arabic translation of the original text in the context of this theory. The findings of this study obtained through a descriptive-analytical approach show that the translator of the story "Nun and Al-Qalam" is more interested to use the approach of preserving meaning and changing form. Thus, the translator has translated the idiomatic expressions by understanding the ironic meaning of the idioms and in the meantime a literal translation has been used due not recognizing some expressions, and  although it seems logical and transparent, but in fact it is inaccurate regarding the context of expression.

Critical analysis of journals is a principled process in spreading knowledge and promoting the quality of scientific researches; therefore, scientific publications need to be criticized on the basis of the correct way of critical thinking. The purpose of this research is to review the articles No. 6 to 17 of the Journal of Translation Studies on Arabic Language and Literature by using the Quantitative Content Analysis method. Therefore, using a questionnaire designed by the Human Sciences Institute and Cultural Studies, 61 articles of this journal were criticized and analyzed using quantitative content analysis. The findings of the research show that the "reviewing translations" with 49% statistic has the most frequent subject of the journal. The journal trend in 2017 was toward translation critique based on the existing theories and is outstanding in evaluating cultural subjects. The journal has had a lot of evaluated attributes in 2016; and particularly in 2017 has prevailed reflecting the growing trend of the magazine. The articles in 2016 in terms of title, writing introduction, innovation and theoretical foundations of research, and in 2017 in terms of research method, the method of collecting the analysis, adherence to the method, referring to the article, thesis and databases have had a better performance. The most of shortcomings are as follows: Selecting inappropriate research method and not to adhere to it in the main body of the article, not to explain the theoretical foundations of the research, not to have a critical and analytical approach, to be descriptive the research background and not to update the sources of the articles.

Humor is one of the interesting aspects of language dealing with cultural, political, and social issues indirectly. Due to escaping criticism and filtering, humor is drawn on to establish a close relationship with the audience. With the advent of new communication tools, the translation of humorous expressions, especially in short and long films and series, began to take on new aspects. Accordingly, the present study aimed at evaluating the translator’s performance in translation of humorous expressions. To achieve this aim, in the research procedures, the data obtained from the Persian dubbing of the "general manager's" series (in Syrian accent) which was broadcasted from Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB) were evaluated. In fact, 215 humorous expressions were extracted from the series and the frequency of using translation strategies proposed by Gottlieb (1992) was determined. The findings revealed that "paraphrasing" and "dislocation" were among the most frequently used strategies of the translator. Furthermore, cultural restrictions not only have led to the "condensation" of the expressions but also to omission of some sequences of the movie.

The widespread approach of the Persian language scholars to the translation of the Holy Quran has gained a lot of vitality in recent decades, so that many critics succeeded in presenting the translated version of the critique, with this critique, translations of various texts of The Holy Qur'an examines the valuable works carefully and precisely, and in this way opens up a new chapter in Qur'anic research as a "Critique of Holy Quranic translations". Among these patterns is the proposed model of Carmen Grosses, Four levels are proposed. The present study intends to translate Hadad Adel, Moezi, and Ansarian by selecting from the 29th 30 Quran verses mentioned the model of relying on the Syntax-term construction, criticize and evaluate. For this purpose, firstly, the expression of the Garces model is explicitly dealt with and then the cases of the application of this theory. According to the witnesses, the examples extracted from the translators of sections 29 and 30, based on the syntactic term, are examined. The most important the findings of this research are descriptive-analytic and that according to the Garces model, the only one is the Moezi translation one by one, and that the translation of Ansariān and Haddad is ordinary only as an explanation and extension of meaning. In the remaining cases, each interpreter has gone through the pattern and, finally, the compensation item lacked a Quranic specimen.

Cultural differences between different societies and different attitudes towards the world not only cause differences in custom and habits, but also affect the lexical and grammatical structure of the language. This issue is addressed in modern linguistics as linguistic relativity, and is interpreted as the Sapir-Worf Theory. The topic of translation is one of the topics that can be discussed in the context of linguistic relativity. The translator must take into account lexical or grammatical differences in order to harmonize his translation with the target language. Because ignoring these differences in both the source and target languages may cause ambiguity or even errors in translation. In this paper, the writers have examined the relevance of linguistic relativity in translating the novel Al-Shahaz (The Beggar) by Naguib Mahfouz into two themes of division of day and night and gender. The examples presented show that the translation of Mohammad Dehghani, despite all the aesthetics and delicacies, contains sentences that the translator has not considered linguistic relativism in the division of day and night and gender structure, and that the translation ultimately contains ambiguous expressions, and it is not even without errors.